Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.)
Tim Jäger, Claudia Scherr, Meinhard Simon, Peter Heusser, and Stephan Baumgartner
This study evaluated the effects of homeopathically potentized Arsenicum album,
nosode, and gibberellic acid in a bioassay with arsenic-stressed duckweed (Lemna gibba
L.). The test substances were applied in nine potency levels (17x, 18x, 21x–24x, 28x, 30x,
33x) and compared with controls (unsuccussed and succussed water) regarding their
influence on the plant’s growth rate. Duckweed was stressed with arsenic(V) for 48 h.
Afterwards, plants grew in either potentized substances or water controls for 6 days.
Growth rates of frond (leaf) area and frond number were determined with a computerized
image analysis system for different time intervals (days 0–2, 2–6, 0–6). Five independent
experiments were evaluated for each test substance. Additionally, five water control
experiments were analyzed to investigate the stability of the experimental setup
(systematic negative control experiments). All experiments were randomized and
blinded. The test system exhibited a low coefficient of variation (≈1%). Unsuccussed and
succussed water did not result in any significant differences in duckweed growth rate.
Data from the control and treatment groups were pooled to increase statistical power.
Growth rates for days 0–2 were not influenced by any homeopathic preparation. Growth
rates for days 2–6 increased after application of potentized Arsenicum album regarding
both frond area (p < 0.001) and frond number (p < 0.001), and by application of potentized
nosode (frond area growth rate only, p < 0.01). Potencies of gibberellic acid did not
influence duckweed growth rate. The systematic negative control experiments did not
yield any significant effects. Thus, false-positive results can be excluded with high
certainty. To conclude, the test system with L. gibba impaired by arsenic(V) was stable
and reliable. It yielded evidence for specific effects of homeopathic Arsenicum album
preparations and it will provide a valuable tool for future experiments that aim at
revealing the mode of action of homeopathic preparations. It may also be useful to
investigate the influence of external factors (e.g., heat, electromagnetic radiation) on the
effects of homeopathic preparations.